Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in men, so understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatment options is essential for early detection and effective management.
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What is prostate cancer?
Prostate cancer originates in the prostate gland, a part of the male reproductive system located below the bladder and in front of the rectum. This gland produces seminal fluid, which nourishes and transports sperm. Cancer begins when cells in the prostate mutate and start to multiply uncontrollably, forming a tumor.
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Causes and risk factors
While there is no single known cause, several risk factors have been identified, such as age, especially after 50, having a family history, race, since men of African descent have a higher incidence and mortality, genetic mutations, such as mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, can increase the risk, and having a diet high in animal fats and low in fruits and vegetables.
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There are several types of prostate cancer, but the vast majority are adenocarcinomas.
Acinar adenocarcinoma
It is the most common type, accounting for over 95% of cases. It develops in the glandular cells that line the prostate gland.
Ductal cell carcinoma
Less common and more aggressive than adenocarcinoma. It originates in the ducts of the prostate gland.
Transitional cell carcinoma, sarcomas, and others
These are very rare types of prostate cancer. Sarcomas, for example, originate in the soft tissues of the gland.
Stages and classification
Staging determines the extent of the cancer and is crucial for deciding on treatment. The most widely used system is TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis).
Stage I
The cancer is confined to the prostate, is slow-growing, and is not palpable on rectal examination.
Stage II
The tumor is still confined to the prostate, but it is larger or has a higher Gleason score (indicating more abnormal cells).
Stage III
The cancer has spread beyond the prostate, possibly to the seminal vesicles.
Stage IV
The cancer has metastasized, meaning it has spread to the lymph nodes, bones, liver, or other organs.
How does prostate cancer begin?
Initial symptoms
In its early stages, prostate cancer is often asymptomatic. When symptoms do appear, they may include increased urinary frequency, especially at night (nocturia), difficulty starting or stopping the flow of urine, weak or interrupted urine flow, and a feeling that the bladder is not completely empty.
Symptoms of advanced cancer
When the disease progresses or metastasizes, symptoms may include bone pain, especially in the back, hips, or ribs, weakness or numbness in the legs or feet, unexplained weight loss, persistent fatigue, and erectile dysfunction.
Key differences between prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and prostatitis
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Diagnosis and medical evaluation
Diagnosis is a step-by-step process that combines different tests.
Digital rectal examination (DRE)
A routine examination that allows the doctor to feel the prostate and detect nodules or abnormal areas.
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
A blood test that measures the levels of a protein produced by the prostate gland. Elevated levels can indicate cancer, but also BPH or prostatitis.
Biopsy
It is the only procedure that can confirm cancer. Small samples of prostate tissue are taken for microscopic analysis to determine the Gleason score, which measures the aggressiveness of the cancer.
Imaging studies
For example, bone scans, MRIs or CT scans, to determine if the cancer has spread.
What are the treatment options for prostate cancer?
The choice of treatment depends on the stage of the cancer, the patient's age, general health, and preferences.
Active surveillance and waiting under observation
It is used for very low-risk cancers or in older men with other serious health problems. It involves close monitoring without immediate active treatment.
Treatments for localized cancer (Stages I and II)
In surgery (radical prostatectomy), the entire prostate gland is removed. Radiation therapy, using high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells, is also used. It can be external or internal (brachytherapy).
Treatments for locally advanced cancer (Stage III)
A combination of radiotherapy and hormone therapy, or surgery, sometimes followed by radiotherapy, is used.
Treatments for metastatic or recurrent cancer (Stage IV)
Hormone therapy (also called androgen suppression) is the mainstay of treatment. Its goal is to reduce the levels of male hormones (androgens) that fuel cancer growth. It may include medication or surgery (orchiectomy).
Chemotherapy is used for cancers that do not respond to hormone therapy, and immunotherapy and targeted therapies are newer treatments that help the immune system fight cancer or attack specific genes and proteins in cancer cells.
Life after treatment: Care and advice
Regular medical follow-up
It is crucial to conduct regular visits to monitor PSA levels and detect any signs of recurrence.
Managing side effects
For urinary incontinence, which usually improves over time, the kegel exercises for men They can strengthen the pelvic floor muscles.
Erectile dysfunction can be a common side effect. Treatments include medications, vacuum devices, and implants. It's also normal to experience anxiety or depression. Seeking psychological support or joining support groups can be very helpful.
Healthy life style
Maintaining a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol are key to recovery and overall health.
How to prevent and reduce the risk of prostate cancer?
Although it is not entirely preventable, steps can be taken to reduce the risk.
Maintain a healthy diet
Rich in fruits and vegetables, especially those high in lycopene like tomatoes, and whole grains. Reduce your consumption of red meat and fats.
regular physical exercise
Physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight and can reduce the risk.
Regular medical check-ups
Men over 50 (or 45 if they have risk factors) should discuss screening tests with their doctor.
Foods to avoid when you have prostate cancer
There is no strict list of "forbidden foods," but it is recommended to limit or avoid red and processed meats such as sausages, bacon, and cold cuts, high-fat dairy products such as whole milk, butter, and full-fat cheeses, excessive calcium supplements unless prescribed by a doctor, ultra-processed foods and refined sugars that contribute to inflammation and weight gain, and excessive alcohol consumption.
How many years can a man with prostate cancer live: Prognosis and life expectancy
The prognosis for prostate cancer is generally very favorable, especially if it is detected in its early stages. The 5-year relative survival rate for men with localized or regional prostate cancer is close to 100%. Even when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, modern treatments allow many men to live for years with a good quality of life.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
How long does prostate cancer treatment last?
The duration varies enormously. Surgery is a one-time event, but radiation therapy can last several weeks. Hormone therapy for advanced cancer is usually an ongoing treatment for years.
Is there a cure for prostate cancer?
Yes, when detected in its early stages and confined to the prostate, prostate cancer has a high probability of being cured.
Which type of prostate cancer is the most aggressive?
Neuroendocrine (or small cell) prostate cancer is the most aggressive, although it is very rare. Among adenocarcinomas, those with a Gleason score of 8 to 10 are considered high-risk and aggressive.
What is the most common type of prostate cancer?
Acinar adenocarcinoma is by far the most common type, accounting for more than 95% of all cases.
How can you tell if prostate cancer is benign or malignant?
The term "cancer" always refers to a malignant tumor. If the growth is benign (non-cancerous), it is diagnosed as Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). The only way to distinguish between them with certainty is through a biopsy.
Reservation your first medical consultation now
and discuss your case with one of our medical specialists, no strings attached.
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Conclusion
Prostate cancer is a serious disease, but with high survival rates when detected early. Education, awareness, and open communication with healthcare professionals are the most powerful tools for combating it. Undergoing the recommended regular checkups allows for early diagnosis and expands treatment options, improving the prognosis.
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